The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford. [198] Her main leisure interests include equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis. [37], On that very day, a pronunciamiento took place in Cádiz. 572–577; Roberts, p. 94; Shawcross, p. 168, Brandreth, p. 358; Hardman, p. 101; Pimlott, p. 610, Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Marr, p. 338; Pimlott, p. 615, Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Lacey, pp. 222–226; Marr, p. 237; Pimlott, pp. El desmontaje de la falsa leyenda del "Espadón de Loja, "Clases sociales y partidos políticos en la década moderada (1844-1854)", "El Duque de Montpensier, entre la historia y la leyenda", Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría, "Serrano, el amante de Isabel II que dio nombre a la calle más comercial de Madrid", "Puñalada en el costado en nombre de Martín Merino", "Corrupción y redes de poder en la Corte Isabelina", "La Vicalvarada y la Revolución Española de 1854", "Biografía de Alfonso XII de Borbón (1875-1885)", "¿Por qué España echó a la reina Isabel II? She is the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch. [216][217] Notable photographers of Elizabeth have included Cecil Beaton, Yousuf Karsh, Annie Leibovitz, Lord Lichfield, Terry O'Neill, John Swannell, and Dorothy Wilding. The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. [211], In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state. [160] During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British victims of the September 11 attacks. [222] In 2002, she inherited an estate worth an estimated £70 million from her mother. Caricatura y vida cotidiana en el París del Segundo Imperio (1868-1870)", "El primer exilio de Isabel II visto desde la prensa vasco-francesa (Pau, septiembre-noviembre 1868)", Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, "La política en la literatura. [161] By invitation of the Irish President, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Her mother, the Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother), was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. Lord Hailsham[23] suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombing. 14–16, Crawford, p. 26; Pimlott, p. 20; Shawcross, p. 21, Brandreth, p. 124; Lacey, pp. "[65] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. [148] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated. 559–561, Bradford, p. 226; Hardman, p. 96; Lacey, p. 328; Pimlott, p. 561, Brandreth, p. 356; Pimlott, pp. [109] Patriation removed the role of the British parliament from the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth).Her father ascended the throne on the abdication of his brother King Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. 358–359; Lacey, pp. [45][46] In later life, however, the Queen Mother told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman". [52] Isabella's son would marry Mercedes of Orléans (first cousin of Alfonso and daughter of the Dukes of Montpensier) in 1878, only for the latter to die five months after the wedding. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the Governor-General. In August 1866 exiled forces comprising both elements from the Democratic and the Progressive Party subscribed the Pact of Ostend [es] under the initiative of Marshal Prim, seeking to topple Isabella. [110], During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese. [169] For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. [153], Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 the Queen had keyhole surgery on both knees. 129–132, Hardman, p. 81; Lacey, p. 307; Pimlott, pp. [193] She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. [32][33][34], At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London. [214] Referendums in Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 both rejected proposals to become republics. [37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales. The underage Queen Isabella II was known by the centuries-old feudal, symbolic, long title that included both extant and extinct titles and claims: Isabella II by the Grace of God, Queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, of the Two Sicilies, of Jerusalem, of Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia, of Galicia, of Majorca, of Seville, of Sardinia, of Córdoba, of Corsica, of Murcia, of Menorca, of Jaén, the Algarves, Algeciras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, of the East and West Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea; Archduchess of Austria; Duchess of Burgundy, Brabant, Milan; Countess of Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol and Barcelona; Lady of Biscay and Molina. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor was born at 02:40 (GMT) on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King George V. Her father, the Duke of York (later King George VI), was the second son of the King. [167] On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781. However, support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom has been and remains consistently high, as does her personal popularity. Significant events have included her coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. [233] Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign. [40], By September 1868 Isabella was a repudiated monarch, and, during the early stages of the revolution, instances of political iconoclasm carried out by the masses took place, leading to the destruction of many symbols and emblems of the Bourbon dynasty, a Damnatio memoriae. [21] The military coup (rather dominated by the moderates themselves) had a mixed result and O'Donnell (advised by Ángel Fernández de los Ríos and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo) proceeded then to seek for civilian support, promising new reforms not in the initial plans in order to appeal to progressives, by bringing a "liberal regeneration", as proclaimed in the Manifesto of Manzanares, drafted by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and issued on 7 July 1854.[22]. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[152] and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected.
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